A superconducting gravimeter on the island of Heligoland for the high-accuracy determination of regional ocean tide loading signals of the North Sea

authored by

Christian Voigt, Roman Sulzbach, Ludger Timmen, Henryk Dobslaw, Adelheid Weise, Zhiguo Deng, Nico Stolarczuk, Hartmut Pflug, Heino Peters, Michael Fietz, Maik Thomas, Christoph Förste, Frank Flechtner

Abstract

The superconducting gravimeter GWR iGrav 047 has been installed on the small offshore island of Heligoland in the North Sea approximately at sea level with the overall aim of high-accuracy determination of regional tidal and non-tidal ocean loading signals. For validation, a second gravimeter (gPhoneX 152) has been setup within a gravity gradiometer approach to observe temporal gravity variations in parallel on the upper land of Heligoland. This study covers the determination of regional ocean tide loading (OTL) parameters based on the two continuous gravimetric time-series after elimination of the height-dependent gravity component by empirical transfer functions between the local sea level from a nearby tide gauge and local attraction effects. After reduction of all gravity recordings to sea level, both gravimeters provide very similar height-independent OTL parameters for the eight major diurnal and semidiurnal waves with estimated amplitudes between 0.3 nm s

⁻² (Q

₁) and 11 nm s

⁻² (M

₂) and RMSE of 0.1–0.2 nm s

⁻² for 2 yr of iGrav 047 observations and a factor of 2 worse for 1.5 yr of gPhoneX 152 observations. The mean absolute OTL amplitude differences are 0.3 nm s

⁻² between iGrav 047 and gPhoneX 152, 0.4 nm s

⁻² between iGrav 047 and the ocean tide model FES2014b and 0.7 nm s

⁻² between gPhoneX 152 and FES2014b which is in good agreement with the uncertainty estimations. As by-product of this study, OTL vertical displacements are estimated from the height-independent OTL gravity results from iGrav 047 applying proportionality factors dh/dg for the eight major waves. These height-to-gravity ratios and the corresponding phase shifts are derived from FES2014b. The OTL vertical displacements from iGrav 047 are estimated with amplitudes between 0.4 mm (Q1) and 5.1 mm (M2) and RMSE of 0.1–0.7 mm. These OTL amplitudes agree with FES2014b within 0.0 (M2) and 0.8 mm (K1) with a mean difference of 0.3 mm only. The OTL amplitudes from almost 5 yr of GNSS observations show deviations of up to 6 mm (M

₂) compared to vertical displacements from both iGrav 047 and FES2014b, which suggests systematic effects included in the estimation of OTL vertical displacements from GNSS. With the demonstrated accuracy, height-independent sensitivity in terms of gravity and vertical displacements along with the high temporal resolution and the even better performance with length of time-series, iGrav 047 delivers the best observational signal for OTL which is representative for a large part of the North Sea.

Organisation(s)

Institute of Geodesy
QuantumFrontiers
Geodetic Institute
CRC 1464: Relativistic and Quantum-Based Geodesy (TerraQ)

External Organisation(s)

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)
Freie Universität Berlin (FU Berlin)
Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research
Technische Universität Berlin

Type

Article

Journal

Geophysical journal international

Volume

234

Pages

1585-1602

No. of pages

ISSN

0956-540X

Publication date

03.04.2023

Publication status

Published

Peer reviewed

Yes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Geochemistry and Petrology, Geophysics

Electronic version(s)

https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggad147 (Access: Open)

BibTeX

@article{176bf2eec79843f58b6dbcc613891f29,
title = "A superconducting gravimeter on the island of Heligoland for the high-accuracy determination of regional ocean tide loading signals of the North Sea",
abstract = "The superconducting gravimeter GWR iGrav 047 has been installed on the small offshore island of Heligoland in the North Sea approximately at sea level with the overall aim of high-accuracy determination of regional tidal and non-tidal ocean loading signals. For validation, a second gravimeter (gPhoneX 152) has been setup within a gravity gradiometer approach to observe temporal gravity variations in parallel on the upper land of Heligoland. This study covers the determination of regional ocean tide loading (OTL) parameters based on the two continuous gravimetric time-series after elimination of the height-dependent gravity component by empirical transfer functions between the local sea level from a nearby tide gauge and local attraction effects. After reduction of all gravity recordings to sea level, both gravimeters provide very similar height-independent OTL parameters for the eight major diurnal and semidiurnal waves with estimated amplitudes between 0.3 nm s −2 (Q 1) and 11 nm s −2 (M 2) and RMSE of 0.1–0.2 nm s −2 for 2 yr of iGrav 047 observations and a factor of 2 worse for 1.5 yr of gPhoneX 152 observations. The mean absolute OTL amplitude differences are 0.3 nm s −2 between iGrav 047 and gPhoneX 152, 0.4 nm s −2 between iGrav 047 and the ocean tide model FES2014b and 0.7 nm s −2 between gPhoneX 152 and FES2014b which is in good agreement with the uncertainty estimations. As by-product of this study, OTL vertical displacements are estimated from the height-independent OTL gravity results from iGrav 047 applying proportionality factors dh/dg for the eight major waves. These height-to-gravity ratios and the corresponding phase shifts are derived from FES2014b. The OTL vertical displacements from iGrav 047 are estimated with amplitudes between 0.4 mm (Q1) and 5.1 mm (M2) and RMSE of 0.1–0.7 mm. These OTL amplitudes agree with FES2014b within 0.0 (M2) and 0.8 mm (K1) with a mean difference of 0.3 mm only. The OTL amplitudes from almost 5 yr of GNSS observations show deviations of up to 6 mm (M 2) compared to vertical displacements from both iGrav 047 and FES2014b, which suggests systematic effects included in the estimation of OTL vertical displacements from GNSS. With the demonstrated accuracy, height-independent sensitivity in terms of gravity and vertical displacements along with the high temporal resolution and the even better performance with length of time-series, iGrav 047 delivers the best observational signal for OTL which is representative for a large part of the North Sea.",
keywords = "Loading of the Earth, Tides and planetary waves, Time variable gravity",
author = "Christian Voigt and Roman Sulzbach and Ludger Timmen and Henryk Dobslaw and Adelheid Weise and Zhiguo Deng and Nico Stolarczuk and Hartmut Pflug and Heino Peters and Michael Fietz and Maik Thomas and Christoph F{\"o}rste and Frank Flechtner",
note = "This project is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,German Research Foundation)—Project-ID 434617780–SFB 1464 and under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC–2123 QuantumFrontiers–390837967 at Leibniz Universit{\"a}t Hannover. Additional support was given by the TIDUS project within the NEROGRAV research unit (DFG Research Unit 2736, Grants: TH864/15–1, DE2174/12–1). The Helgoland Gravimetric Observatory Germany (HELGOG) is part of the Modular Earth Science Infrastructure (MESI) of the GFZ. We thank the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland of AWI for providing a suitable location for this observatory and for technical support. We thank GFZ Section 4.4 {\textquoteleft}Hydrology{\textquoteright} for providing gPhoneX 152. We thank the Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universit{\"a}t zu Kiel for letting us use the seismological station Helgoland at JKS. The Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) Hamburg supported us with tide gauge data and analysis details. The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT; Wessel & Smith 1998) were used to prepare Fig. 1. We thank the editor Duncan Agnew, Maxime Mouyen and a second anonymous referee for their very valuable reviews that helped to significantly improve the manuscript.",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
day = "3",
doi = "10.1093/gji/ggad147",
language = "English",
volume = "234",
pages = "1585--1602",
journal = "Geophysical journal international",
issn = "0956-540X",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "3",
}